色斑可以分為很多類，可以分為遺傳性、荷爾蒙影響、紫外線影響等，要有效處理色斑，就要先了解你的斑。
Freckles
遺傳性雀斑
遺傳性雀斑是一個顯性遺傳性皮膚病，通常自幼時出現，多見於青少年臉頰、頸、手背的外露的部份，呈淡蝎色或深褐色，多數對稱分佈。
Sun Spots
太陽斑／曬斑
太陽斑屬於較淺層的色斑，主要由紫外線刺激產生的黑色素累積形成，呈平均的淺啡色或深啡色，通常是獨立一顆圓形或橢圓形的斑點存在。太陽斑的顏色比雀斑深，面積亦比較大，常見於倒面近眼尾或顴骨的位置。
Age Spots
老人斑
老人斑斑塊凸起，顏色可以是黃色，淺啡色或黑色。老人斑可以出現於任何年齡層，主要成因是長期受紫外線影響，導致表皮層的角化細胞產生異變，繼而累積過多不成熟的角化細胞於皮層內，令皮膚出現表面凸起而粗糙的斑塊。
Melasma
荷爾蒙斑
常見於中年女性，成因跟體內的荷爾蒙變化有關，有些孕婦有懷孕期間會有這種色斑題，但會在懷孕後變淡消失。荷爾蒙斑通常會兩邊對稱地出現在面頰位置，呈蝴蝶形狀，顏色比雀斑深很多，像豬肝的深蝎色。荷爾蒙斑除了受紫外線影響，亦會因內在因素，如壓力，失眠，情緒低落等原因影響。
Café au lait
咖啡牛奶斑
咖啡牛奶斑是一種色素痣胎記，通常在嬰兒時期會開始出現，呈淺啡色，出現在身體各位部份，而有些斑點會隨著患者發育而變大。咖啡牛奶斑本身無害，不會影響健康，但如果在身上出現多於6個直徑5mm或以上的斑點，則有機會是神經纖維瘤病的癥兆。
甚麼是暗瘡
What is ACNE?
暗瘡學名為痤瘡，
是毛囊皮脂腺的慢性炎症性皮膚病
黑頭粉刺
BLACKHEAD
白頭粉刺
WhITEHEAD
暗瘡與皮脂腺導管及毛囊口角化過度有直接關係。皮脂腺分泌過多，來不及從毛孔中排泄出去，於是堵塞在毛孔深層，形成白頭粉刺；如果皮脂堵塞在毛孔表面，則會被外界塵埃和細菌氧化，形成黑頭粉刺。
白頭、黑頭形成後，毛孔閉塞，形成厭氧環境。
皮膚表面有很多細菌，其中的暗瘡細菌（丙酸桿菌）特別喜歡毛囊內無氧環境，能引起發炎症狀，並進一步破壞毛囊和皮膚，引起暗瘡。
適合什麼暗瘡療程，視乎要處理什麼暗瘡問題？
發炎階段的
活躍暗瘡
代謝不走的
暗瘡印
破損後的
暗瘡凹凸洞
發炎階段的活躍暗瘡
發炎階段的活躍暗瘡可分為三個嚴重程度
輕微程度
主要以粉刺為多，只長出少量丘疹膿疱
中間程度
有粉刺，丘疹膿疱分布廣泛，出現炎症性皮損
嚴重程度
大量丘疹膿疱及結節性囊腫性暗瘡，伴有疼痛並形成囊腫
代謝不走的暗瘡印
暗瘡印是暗瘡發炎後遺下來的色素，稱為炎後色素沉澱，一般而言，暗瘡印可分為偏紅色及偏啡色；一般會視乎暗瘡印形成了多久而建議合適的祛暗瘡印療程。
破損後的暗瘡凹凸洞疤痕
暗瘡凹凸洞疤痕是因為處理暗瘡、粉刺或水痘時刺破或過份擠壓，損害到皮膚真皮層以致纖維化而形成。暗瘡凹凸洞疤痕可分為四種：
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增生型暗瘡疤 (Keloid)
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滾動型暗瘡疤(Rolling)
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車廂型暗瘡疤(Boxcar)
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冰錐型暗瘡疤(Icepick)
Periorbital Dark Eye Circles
色素型黑眼圈
因先天遺傳或後天色素沉澱造成，屬於慢性黑眼圈。過敏體質、長期搓揉眼部、紫外線照射等情況都會加深眼部周圍的黑色素；而不正確的卸妝方式會對慢性刺激眼部附近的肌膚，造成成素。
Dark circles under your eyes may appear because of hyper-pigmentation around your eyes. It may be caused by allergies, long-term rubbing eyes, exposure to sun, improper make-up removal and etc.
Vascular Dark Eye Circles
血管型黑眼圈
眼眶四周皮膚特別薄弱，皮下組纖少且血管多，假如眼皮的靜脈回流不流暢，會使眼底呈現靜脈血的紫藍色調。除此之外，壓力、睡眠不足、眼部肌肉使力不當、過敏性鼻炎都可引致血管型黑眼圈。
The skin under our eyes is one of the most delicate and thinnest skin of our body. As we age, our skin naturally becomes a little thinner. About one third of dark circles under the eyes conditions are caused by this thinning skin which allows the fine capillaries under the skin to lend a blueish tint to the skin.
Structural Dark Eye Circles
結構型黑眼圈
如眼皮有皺紋或眼袋突起的話，光線投射時會在皺紋或突起物的背凹處呈現陰影。
As we age our skin loses elasticity and becomes lax. As the lower eyelid becomes lax it fails to support normal fat which lies below the eyeball. This fat pushes the lower eyelid forward and forms a puffy eye or eye bag - Structural Dark Eye Circles.
改善膚色不均
點止美白咁簡單？
暗啞 Dullness
暗沉和泛黃等膚色不均都是普遍的肌膚問題，然而造成膚色不均的成因有好多，主要是陽光中的UVA會深入肌膚底層，傷害膠原纖維，令受損肌膚失去剔透感、泛黃、暗沉。
UVA in sunlight damages our skin cells and leads to a dull skin tone.
泛黃 Pale & Yellow Skin
除此之外，暗瘡、皮膚敏感、濕疹、蚊叮蟲咬引發的紅腫炎症等患者都有機會因新陳代謝減慢，而令色素沉澱，或相反地因黑色素變異而導致「白點」，最後導致肌膚膚色不均。
It is also common for people who suffer from acnes problem to find that skin tone becomes uneven after breaking out. Sensitivity or mosquito bites may cause inflammation which makes skin tone uneven. Patients of eczema have unusual dry skin. It may lead to an uneven complexion.
膚色不均 Uneven Skin Tone
隨著年齡的增加、營養攝取的不均衡、外界的污染、生活習慣、精神壓力等各種因素，影響人體自身的排毒系統，從而反映到肌膚表面，出現膚色不均勻。
Lack of sleep and relaxation is a common problem among people nowadays. Metabolism is slowed down due to this and leads to a dull complexion.
毛孔是毛囊和皮脂腺的共同開口，除了是一般人最熟知長出毛髮的孔，還有其他重要功能包括排泄皮脂腺的分泌物。
Pore is a minute opening in a surface, especially the skin or integument of an organism, through which gases, liquids, or microscopic particles may pass.
毛孔分泌出油脂，而角質代謝速率不夠快，毛孔容易被周邊堆積的角質阻塞，形成黑頭、白頭，毛孔會顯得異常粗大。
Our body bodies produce sebum to protect our skin. When sebum and dirts are collected, skin swells and pores look larger than they normally would.
經常擠暗瘡、粉刺會令皮膚受過度刺激，造成傷害，導致毛孔粗大。皮膚受損後更會容易出現凹凸不平的狀況或疤痕。
Bad habits habits like squeezing pimples or acnes cause damage to our skin and make pores larger.
隨著年紀增長，皮膚的彈性會慢慢流失，毛孔也會隨著鬆弛而變得粗大。
When people age, skin loses elasticity and pores become larger.
油脂分泌旺盛
過度擠壓刺激
初老鬆弛
敏感泛紅肌可分四大類
Four types of Red & Sensitive skin
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油性敏感泛紅肌 Oily Red & Sensitive Skin
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乾燥性敏感泛紅肌 Dry Red & Sensitive Skin
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壓力性敏感泛紅肌 Pressurised Red &Senstive Skin
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永久性敏感泛紅肌 Permanent Red & Sensitive Skin
先天性因素
Congenital factor
有些人先天皮膚較薄，容易在鼻翼或臉頰等地方出現血管擴張，形成敏感泛紅肌膚。
Some people are born with thinner and weaker skin, which lead to vasodilatation under the skin, especially around the nose and cheeks. But there are many factors causing vasodilatation.
荷爾蒙轉變
Hormonal factor
當體內荷爾蒙出現重大變化時，肌膚會變得敏感脆弱，長出微絲血管，例如孕婦在懷孕期間會出現血管擴張，在生育過後便會慢慢消失。
Our skin would react to serious hormones change, for instance, some pregnant women would suffer from vasodilatation and sensitive skin when they are pregnant but would recover after they give birth to the baby.
長期／過度使用類固醇
Structural Dark Eye Circles
類固醇是皮膚科的常見外塗藥物，但長期使用或用量過多會產生副作用，包括表皮萎縮變薄、微血管擴張等。
Steroid is a common external medicine used by dermatological doctors. Nonetheless, there are still some side-effects of it if it is used by patients for a long period of time or with excessive amount.
外在環境刺激
External environmental factor
外界因素如氣候變化會刺激到抵抗力較低的肌膚，當皮下的微絲血管變得敏感時，會較容易呈現明顯的不良反應。
Environmental factors such as sudden climate change or air pollution would irritate the skin, especially the one with weaker immunity. Veins are sensitive and would react to these external factors in a negative way.
疾病影響
Medical situation
有些疾病，如糖尿病、皮膚發炎等，都有機會引發敏感泛紅的問題。
Some diseases like diabetes lead to skin sensitivity and vasodilatation.
紫外光傷害
Damage of UVA/UVB
長期處於紫外線下會令皮膚變得脆弱，令血管容易增生及變得非常顯易而見。
UV rays (UVA/UVB) cause damage to our skin and make it fragile, therefore veins under the skin would appear more obviously.
玫瑰痤瘡 Rosacea
玫瑰痤瘡是一種慢性皮膚疾病，因控制面部血管的神經系統失調，以致面部過度充血，引起紅斑及其他症狀。玫瑰痤瘡的症狀眾多，包括間歇性的充血、皮膚灼熱、持續性的紅斑、血管擴張、出現丘疹膿皰、皮膚變得粗糙等。
Rosacea is a common skin disease which abnormal nerve control of the facial blood vessels causes flushing and acne-like lesions.
玫瑰痤瘡的成因 Why Rosacea
玫瑰痤瘡的成因分為先天性遺傳因素和後天影響，大部分患者為30歲以上的女性。後天因素包括壓力過大導致精神緊張、免疫力下降或荷爾蒙失調、過度進食重鹹重辣的食品、過度飲用酒精和含咖啡因的飲品、長時間曝曬等。此外，使用刺激的護膚品或長期使用類固醇亦有可能增加患上玫瑰痤瘡的風險。
There are hereditary or environmental factors causing rosacea. Environmental factors include stress, excessive intake of alcohol or caffeine, direct sunlight explosure, etc. Other causes can be use of irritating skin care products or steroid products. Although rosacea can occur in both genders, it commonly affects women after 30 years old.
玫瑰痤瘡的特徵 Symptoms of Rosacea
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潮紅發熱的情況頻密
Frequent Facial Redness -
出現紅斑
Swollen Red Bumps -
集中在面上中部的位置 : 面頰、鼻或口周突出部位
Central part of face, including cheeks, nose, area around mouth or periorbital area, affected
除紋理
定肌齡
細紋大約是1-2毫米深，比幼線更幼；細紋的出現是因為皮膚開始有鬆弘跡象，是初老的徵兆、光老化開始損害皮膚的警號。
Fine line is thin or thinner than a thread. It is about 1mm-2mm in depth. Fine lines are caused by lax, sagging skin and are associated with the earliest signs of aging or photo-damage.
皺紋是2毫米或以上深的皮膚褶皺，皺紋的出現是因為皮膚下的肌肉收縮，面部肌肉不停重複收縮、放鬆，日積月累便累積了皺紋。
Generally speaking, wrinkles are any lines that are deeper than 2mm. Wrinkles are predominantly caused by muscle contractions under the skin. Repeated facial muscle movements, contracting and releasing in the same way, over years create folds along those habitual lines.
緊膚提升
讓皮膚拉上一格
膠原蛋白減少
Loss of Collagen
皮膚真皮層的膠原蛋白和彈力纖維蛋白會隨著年齡增長而自然流失減少，令皮膚漸漸失去彈性。
Collagen in the dermis of the skin reduces naturally while aging, leading to flabby skin.
支撐力下降
Lost of Fat/Muscle
人體衰老、營養不均、缺乏鍛鍊會令皮下脂肪流失和肌肉鬆弛，肌膚失去支撐就會因而鬆弛下垂。
Factors such as aging, malnutrition, lack of exercise will lead to fat loss and muscle relaxation. Skin would lose support and become flabby.
紫外光傷害
UV Damages
陽光裡的紫外光是傷害性光線，會破越膠原蛋白和DNA，令皮膚加速衰老，更容易鬆弛下垂。
Damaging UV rays would hurt the skin and cause lost in collagen, which speed up the aging of skin.